SUBJECT
-VERB AGREEMENT
·
Subject-Verb Agreement
Secara
umum pada bentuk simple present tense, singular verb berupa base form / bare
infinitive (bentuk dasar dari verb) dengan ditambahkan ending (akhiran) -s/-es.
Adapun pada plural verb tanpa ditambahkan ending -s/-es (sebaliknya, plural
subject ditambahkan ending -s/-es). Aturan kata kerja ini berlaku pula pada
subjek berupa third person (orang ketiga, contoh: Ricky, Anna) dan semua
personal pronoun (they, we= jamak; he, she, it= tunggal), kecuali I dan you.
Walaupun berupa subjek tunggal, I dan you dipasangkan dengan kata kerja bentuk
jamak.
Jika
kata kerja dalam verb “to be”, am dipasangkan dengan I, is dengan singular
subject kecuali I dan you, dan are dengan plural subject dan you.
Sedangkan
pada past tense, tidak ada perbedaan bentuk kata kerja dalam hal number
(tunggal atau jamak) subjek kalimat, semua dalam verb-2, kecuali jika kata
kerja yang digunakan merupakan verb “to be” was-were. Was untuk singular
subject kecuali you, dan were untuk you dan plural subject.
·
Basic Rule
A
singular subject (she, Bill, car) takes a singular verb (is, goes, shines),
whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb.
Example: The list of items is/are on
the desk.
If you know that list is the subject,
then you will choose is for the verb.
Ø Rule
1.
A
subject will come before a phrase beginning with of. This is a key rule for
understanding subjects. The word of is the culprit in many, perhaps most,
subject-verb mistakes.
Hasty writers, speakers, readers, and
listeners might miss the all-too-common mistake in the following sentence:
Incorrect:
A bouquet of yellow roses lend color
and fragrance to the room.
Correct:
A bouquet of yellow roses lends . . . (bouquet
lends, not roses lend)
Ø Rule
2.
Two singular subjects connected by or,
either/or, or neither/nor require a singular verb.
Examples:
My aunt or my uncle is arriving by
train today.
Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.
Either Kiana or Casey is helping
today with stage decorations.
Ø Rule
3.
The
verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence agrees with the noun or pronoun
closest to it.
Examples:
Neither the plates nor the serving
bowl goes on that shelf.
Neither the serving bowl nor the
plates go on that shelf.
This rule can lead to bumps in the
road. For example, if I is one of two (or more) subjects, it could lead to this
odd sentence:
Awkward: Neither she, my friends, nor
I am going to the festival.
If possible, it's best to reword such
grammatically correct but awkward sentences.
Better:
Neither she, I, nor my friends are
going to the festival.
OR
She, my friends, and I are not going
to the festival.
Ø Rule
4.
As a general rule, use a plural verb with two
or more subjects when they are connected by and.
Example: A car and a bike are my
means of transportation.
But note these exceptions:
Exceptions:
Breaking and entering is against the
law.
The bed and breakfast was charming.
In those sentences, breaking and
entering and bed and breakfast are compound nouns.
Ø Rule
5a.
Sometimes the subject is separated from the
verb by such words as along with, as well as, besides, not, etc. These words
and phrases are not part of the subject. Ignore them and use a singular verb
when the subject is singular.
Examples:
The politician, along with the
newsmen, is expected shortly.
Excitement, as well as nervousness,
is the cause of her shaking.
Ø Rule
5b.
Parentheses
are not part of the subject.
Example: Joe (and his trusty mutt)
was always welcome.
If this seems awkward, try rewriting
the sentence.
Ø Rule
6.
In sentences beginning with here or
there, the true subject follows the verb.
Examples:
There are four hurdles to jump.
There is a high hurdle to jump.
Here are the keys.
Ø Rule
7.
Use
a singular verb with distances, periods of time, sums of money, etc., when
considered as a unit.
Examples:
Three miles is too far to walk.
Five years is the maximum sentence
for that offense.
Ten dollars is a high price to pay.
BUT
Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were
scattered on the floor.
Ø Rule
8.
With
words that indicate portions—e.g., a lot, a majority, some, all—Rule 1 given
earlier in this section is reversed, and we are guided by the noun after of. If
the noun after of is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a
plural verb.
Examples:
A lot of the pie has disappeared.
A lot of the pies have disappeared.
A third of the city is unemployed.
A third of the people are unemployed.
All of the pie is gone.
All of the pies are gone.
Some of the pie is missing.
Some of the pies are missing.
Ø Rule
9.
With
collective nouns such as group, jury, family, audience, population, the verb
might be singular or plural, depending on the writer's intent.
Examples:
All of my family has arrived OR have
arrived.
Most of the jury is here OR are here.
A third of the population was not in
favor OR were not in favor of the bill.
Ø Rule
10.
The
word were replaces was in sentences that express a wish or are contrary to
fact:
Example: If Joe were here, you'd be
sorry.
Shouldn't Joe be followed by was, not
were, given that Joe is singular? But Joe isn't actually here, so we say were,
not was. The sentence demonstrates the subjunctive mood, which is used to
express things that are hypothetical, wishful, imaginary, or factually
contradictory. The subjunctive mood pairs singular subjects with what we
usually think of as plural verbs.
Examples:
I wish it were Friday.
She requested that he raise his hand.
In the first example, a wishful
statement, not a fact, is being expressed; therefore, were, which we usually
think of as a plural verb, is used with the singular it. (Technically, it is
the singular subject of the object clause in the subjunctive mood: it were
Friday.)
Normally, he raise would sound
terrible to us. However, in the second example, where a request is being
expressed, the subjunctive mood is correct.
·
Multiple Choice
1. Physics … been my favorite subject
since I was 15 years old.
A. have
B. has
(Cabang keilmuan dengan ending -ics
bermakna singular sehingga diikuti singular verb)
2. My shears … sharp enough.
A. aren't
B. isn't
(subject berupa benda dengan dua
bagian pada satu kesatuan membutuhkan plural verb)
3. Ninety percentage of his furniture
… old.
A. is
B. are
(noun setelah “… percentage of”
(fractional expression) menentukan apakah diikuti oleh singular atau plural
verb)
4. One of her dogs … like bone.
A. doesn't
B. don't
(verb disesuaikan dengan subject
(one)%2C bukan prepositional phrase diantaranya)
5. The central office manager, along
with his two assistant, … left the room.
A. have
B. has
(“along with” digunakan bersama
subjek tanpa menambah jumlah)
·
Error Analysis
1. Arvin makes a smartphone.
Incorrect
(Kata yang salah adlah “makes”,
Karena subjek nya “Arvin” merupakan singular, maka kata kerja yang digunakan
harus singular juga menjadi “make”)
2. Rave and Raive needs a ride to
school.
Incorrect
(Kata yang salah adalah “needs”,
Karena terdapat dua atau lebih subject yang di terhubung oleh “and” maka kita
menggunakan plural verb dan merubahnya menjadi “need”)
3. I sing a song that remind me of
her.
Correct
(Karena “I” adalah plural noun maka
kita menggunakan plural verb juga)
4. Here is the document you wanted.
Correct
(Karena “document” adalah singluar
subject, maka harus di ikuti dengan singular verb)
5. People in big cities tends to use
their spare time doing sports or hanging out inparks.
Incorrect
(Kata yang salah adalah “tends”,
Karena “People” merupakan subjek plural maka kita rubah menjadi “tend”)
OBJECT
OF PREPOSITION
·
OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word that shows
the relation of the noun following it to some other word.
A prepositional phrase is a preposition , its object , and any words
that tell about the project . these phrases are used like adjectives and
adverbs to describe.
·
Example :
Ø in
the house
Ø from
the market
Ø of
the world
Ø for
the last time
Ø with
your permission
Ø to
make one more attempt
Question
·
Multiple choice
1. Mark twain ….. they years after the civil
war the “gilded Age”
a. called
b. calling
c. he called
d. his calls
Explanation : jawabannya adalah a
karena merupakan kerja dalam bentuk simple past tense
2.
___ alcoholism are the slow destruction of the liver and possible death
a.The long-term effects
of
b.Dangerously
c.The eventual effect of
d.Chronic and eventual
Explaination :
pada soal ini teradapat kata kerja bantu are sehingga didepan objek
alcoholism dibutuhkan subjek (kata benda) plural. Maka jawaban yang tepat
adalah A karena subjek plural berada di depan preposisi “of”
3. To Mike _______ was a big surprise
a. really
b. the party
c. funny
d. when
Explanation :Diidentifikasi hanya
terdapat kata kerja dalam kalimat tersebut yaitu was. Mike bukan suatu subjek
karena sebelum kata Mike terdapat OBJECT OF PREPOSITION “to”.Menganalisa
jawaban a. bukan subjek b. merupakan subjek c. bukan subjek d. merupakan kata
penghubung Jawaban yang benar yaitu b. the party lebih tepat karena merupakan
suatu subjek.
4.
To frankie ___ is a wonderfull moment
a.
Occasionally
b. Where
c. Happy
d. That dinner
Explanation :
frankie merupakan objek preposition satu noun(kata benda) tidak dapt
menduduki posisi subjek dan objek sekaligus dalam waktu yang bersaman. Jadi
jawaban yang merupakan subjek adalah D
5. President andrew jackson’s
informal advisors were great and he prefend the advice from ....
a. Him
b. Them
c. He
d. Their
Explanation :
pada soal diatas terdapat preposition sebelum bagian yang kosong, dan
ini mengindikasikan bahwa kalimat ini memerlukan object of prepostion sehingga
jawaban yang benar adalah B, karena them sama dengan advisors yang merupakan
bentuk jamak.
·
Error analysis
1. The man with the long beard left
the restaurant quickly.
Explanation : the noun beard is the
object of preposition “with.” The prepositional phrase with the long beard
describes the word man. it tells us exactly which man left the restaurant
quickly.
2. A man in the bus was sleeping
soundly.
Explanation : the words in the bus,
for example , are a prepositional phrase.
3. the great plain in the midwest of
the united states make up arich, fertile farming area
Explanation : objeknya adalah "
the united states" sedangkan subjek yang berada di depan preposisi adalah
"The great plain", maka yang harusnya diganti adalah kata kerja
"make: menjadi "makes"
4. in the corner were piled sacks of
potatoes and onions.
Explanation : objeknya adalah
"potatoes and onions" subjek yang berada didepan preposisi adalah in
the corner.
5. over us, in the redwood forest,
huge tress towered.
Explanation : objeknya adalah huge
tress subjek yang berada didepan preposisi adalah over us.
APPOSITIVE
·
APPOSITIVE
Appositive
is a word to serve to discribe noun or pronoun that took in.Appositives usually
offset with commas,parantheses,or dashes.it is now concluded that appositive is
word describing a subject that has previously appearead or that has come after
this.
Apppositive
phrase with or without an attributive phrase, while a comparative phrase,
consist of an appositive phrase add an attributive, and a complement clause
sonsists an attributive phrase that is, forming apposesive contruction.
A
nominal phrase as a whole cannot be subject to morphological derivation in CAY.
as far as appositive and cordinate phrases are concorned, however, they may
have one constituent.
·
Question
1. The canadian,...... it a train
trip fom toronto to vancouver with best scenery of forests and rivers
A. Is one of the iconic train trips
in the world
B, Was one of the iconic train trips
in the world
C. One of the iconic
train trips in the world
D. which is one of the iconic trips
in the world
Explaination because The Canadian is
the subject of the sentence, and Answer is C. One of the iconic train trips in
the world
2. ,..... Ayu rarely misses her
basketball shots
A. An excellent
basketball player
B. An excellent basketball player is
C. Ayu is an excellent basketball
player
D. Her excellent basketball player
Explaination because, sarah is
subject and the word misses is a verb (verb) because there is no comma
separating it. Answer is A. An excellent basketball player.
3. A truly beautiful island, Bali
attracts many foreign tourists every year.
A.Bali attracts many foreign tourists
every year
B. A truly beautiful
island
C. Bali
D. None
Explaination A truly beatiful island
because words that are generally in the form of nouns (phrases) to describe or
explain other nouns
4. .........., Sonny, is attending
the lecture.
A.Right now
B. Happily
C. Because of the time
D. My friend
Because Sonny is a appositive.
because this sentence need subject
5. .............., Her dream, is a
big dream.
A. Visiting Korea
B. Visit korea
C. Come to korea
D. None
Because her dream is appositive, this
sentence need subject.
·
Question Error Analysis
1. .My sister,a chemical engineer,is
very diligent
Explanition:subject "a chemical
" is word of appositive in which appositive is pronounced after noun
2. The median of annual mothers
working hours has increased dramatically by 960 hours since 1979 and 2012.
Explanition:Since is incorrect
because since it should only be followed by one time statement, while there is
two time information in the sentence
3. Archaeopteryx, one of the oldest
known prehistoric birds, had shard teeth, three fingers for claws, but a long,
bony tail.
Explanition : But incorect because
the depiction of the archaeopteryx specifications does not require butts to
connect in contradistinction
4. Although she has a strong desire
to be a singer, Rani’s voice sounds horribly to everyone who hears her singing.
Explanition : Horribly incorrect
because it is not an adjective, but an adverb or adverb
5. My Daughter, a biological
enginers, is very clever
Explanation : subject "a
biological enginer"
References
